It's 35 years since the first British person went into space.
距离第一位英国人进入太空已经过去35年了。
Helen Sharman was a 27-year-old food scientist when she stumbled upon a job ad to being part of an Anglo-Soviet commercial venture, Project Juno.
海伦·沙曼偶然看到一则招聘广告时，还是一名27岁的食品科学家；这则广告招募人员参与一个英苏商业项目——“朱诺计划”。
Sharman told BBC News in 1991: "All along the selection process, I never really believed that it could be me."
沙曼在1991年告诉BBC新闻：“在整个选拔过程中，我从来没有真正相信那个人会是我。”
One of the lesser-known moments to taking place during the Cold War space race involved the Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.
冷战太空竞赛期间发生过一个较少为人所知的时刻，它与俄罗斯宇航员尤里·加加林有关。
On his way to the launchpad in 1961, just before he became the first man in outer space, he asked to stop the bus and took a last-minute toilet break.
1961年，在前往发射台的路上，就在他成为进入外太空第一人之前，他要求停车，在最后一刻去上了个厕所。
It grew into a tradition that all cosmonauts flying from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan repeat just before take-off, as recounted by Helen Sharman, the first British astronaut, in her 1993 autobiography.
正如英国首位宇航员海伦·沙曼在她1993年的自传中所叙述的那样，这后来发展成一项传统：所有从哈萨克斯坦拜科努尔航天发射场升空的宇航员，都会在起飞前重复这一做法。
"This was one tradition they would not expect me to join in," she writes.
她写道：“这是他们不会指望我参与的一项传统。”
Yet the food scientist from Sheffield was treading in the footsteps of cosmonauts when she launched into space aboard the Soviet Soyuz TM-12 space capsule on 18 May 1991.
然而，1991年5月18日，这位来自谢菲尔德的食品科学家乘坐苏联联盟TM-12号太空舱升空时，正踏上宇航员们曾走过的道路。
She was to spend eight days on the Mir space station, making British history – with the help of a Soviet space programme.
她将在“和平号”空间站上度过八天，并在苏联太空计划的帮助下创造英国历史。
At the time the British government wasn't involved in space exploration, so paying for a spot on a flight was the only way to get there.
当时英国政府并未参与太空探索，因此付费购买一次飞行任务的席位是到达那里的唯一方式。
And she was only there because of an advert.
而她之所以会在那里，只是因为一则广告。
"One pleasant evening at the end of June 1989, I was driving home from the Mars factory in Slough, listening to the car radio," she writes in her memoir.
她在回忆录中写道：“1989年6月底一个宜人的傍晚，我正从斯劳的玛氏工厂开车回家，听着车载收音机。”
"While I sat in a traffic jam, I flicked through the radio stations trying to find something to listen to."
“当我坐在车里堵在路上时，我不停切换电台，想找点什么来听。”
It wasn't the most auspicious of moments – but as she goes on to recount, her attention was caught by an ad on one of the channels she tuned into: "Astronaut wanted.
那并不是最吉利的时刻——但正如她接着回忆的那样，她调到的一个频道里有则广告吸引了她的注意：“招聘宇航员。
No experience necessary."
无需经验。”
Sharman had stumbled upon the recruitment slogan for a project that marked the thawing of Cold War relations.
沙曼偶然看到了一个项目的招聘口号，而这个项目标志着冷战关系开始解冻。
The Juno mission was a commercial venture to send a Briton to Mir funded by a private consortium – with a Soviet space crew.
朱诺任务是一项商业项目，由一个私人财团资助，目的是把一名英国人送上和平号空间站，并配有一支苏联太空机组。
"I know, with hindsight, that the minute or so I spent listening to this advertisement is the crucial, pivotal moment in my life," she writes.
她写道：“事后回想起来，我知道自己花在听这则广告上的那大约一分钟，是我人生中至关重要的转折时刻。”
"After it, nothing from my old life could ever quite be the same."
“在那之后，我过去生活中的一切都再也不可能完全一样了。”
That moment was to kickstart a process that took Sharman from the London suburbs to what was known as Star City in Russia.
正是那一刻启动了一段历程，把沙曼从伦敦郊区带到了俄罗斯那个被称为星城的地方。
She would exchange rush-hour commutes back and forth from her studio flat in Surbiton for 18 months of intensive training at a facility originally known only as Military Unit 26266, in an area designated "closed military townlet No 1".
她将告别从瑟比顿单间公寓往返通勤的高峰时段生活，转而在一个最初只被称为“26266军事单位”的设施中接受18个月的密集训练；该设施位于一个被指定为“封闭军事小镇1号”的地区。
During the Soviet era, the location – on the outskirts of Moscow – was a guarded military installation, access to which was highly restricted.
在苏联时期，这个地点位于莫斯科郊外，是一处戒备森严的军事设施，出入受到严格限制。
According to Nasa astronaut Michael Barratt, speaking in 1998: "Star City has always kind of felt like the forbidden city or the hidden city.
美国国家航空航天局宇航员迈克尔·巴拉特在1998年说：“星城一直给人一种禁城或隐秘之城的感觉。”
It wasn't on any maps, certainly.
当然，它没有出现在任何地图上。
It was a secret cosmonaut training base.
那是一处秘密的宇航员训练基地。
Of course, everyone knew where it was, but it was considered a closed and secure city."
当然，大家都知道它在哪里，但它被视为一座封闭而戒备森严的城市。”
Yet by 1990, as a result of the reforming regime of Mikhail Gorbachev in the dying days of the Soviet Union, a few foreigners were allowed in.
然而到了1990年，由于苏联末期米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫政权的改革，少数外国人获准进入。
While carrying out training to help prepare for zero gravity, Sharman lived in a spacious apartment there, with access to chauffeur-driven Volgas – although she preferred to having her own car, and arranged for a Ford Escort to be transported from Finland.
在进行帮助适应零重力环境的训练期间，沙曼住在那里一套宽敞的公寓里，还可以使用配有司机的伏尔加汽车——不过她更愿意开自己的车，并安排人从芬兰运来一辆福特Escort。
The 27-year-old had been picked from 13,000 applicants, with only the final four travelling to Star City.
这位27岁的年轻人是从1.3万名申请者中脱颖而出的，最终只有四人前往星城。
"All along the selection process, I never really believed that it could be me," she told BBC News from Star City in 1991.
她 1991 年在星城接受 BBC 新闻采访时说：“在整个选拔过程中，我从未真正相信那个人会是我。”
"I never really knew exactly what they were looking for.
“我从来没有真正确切地知道他们在寻找什么样的人。
And even now, I can't saying what it is that maybe they thought that I had that maybe some of the others didn't."
即使到现在，我也说不清他们当时觉得我可能具备了什么，而其他一些人也许没有。”
Her father, John, gave one possible reason in a 1991 interview with the BBC's Gloria Hunniford, referring to a press cutting that described how all the crew had to train daily on tilt tables to prepare them for weightless conditions – except for Helen, who only needed to do that twice during the week as she had quickly mastered the techniques for managing weightlessness.
她的父亲约翰在1991年接受 BBC 的格洛丽亚·亨尼福德采访时给出了一个可能的原因：他提到一篇剪报，里面说所有机组成员都必须每天在倾斜台上训练，以适应失重环境，只有海伦例外，她那一周只需要做两次，因为她很快就掌握了应对失重的技巧。
In her memoir, Sharman describes her time in Star City as "probably the most significant period of my life, in its own way even more influential on my outlook and ideas than the time I spent in space".
在回忆录中，沙曼把自己在星城度过的时光形容为“可能是我一生中最重要的时期，它以自己的方式对我的人生观和想法产生的影响，甚至超过了我在太空中的那段时间”。
As well as pioneering British space travel, Sharman's time on the Juno mission revealed much about how space programmes can transcend national boundaries.
沙曼参与朱诺任务不仅开创了英国太空旅行的先河，也揭示了太空计划如何能够超越国界。
She describes her fellow cosmonauts Anatoly ("Tolya") Artebartsky and Sergei Krikalyov as "the closest and most important friends I had ever had".
她把同行的宇航员阿纳托利（“托利亚”）·阿尔采巴尔斯基和谢尔盖·克里卡廖夫称为“我曾拥有过的最亲密、最重要的朋友”。
While at Star City, she also became close to some of the pioneers of Russian space flight, including the cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, the first man to walk in space.
在星城期间，她还与俄罗斯航天事业的一些先驱关系密切，其中包括宇航员阿列克谢·列昂诺夫，他是第一位在太空行走的人。
Sharman recounts in her memoir how Leonov accompanied the three cosmonauts to the launch on 18 May, and gave her an elasticated pink chiffon jumpsuit with "a wonderful frilly front and billowing sleeves" – which she nicknamed "the dream-garment".
沙曼在回忆录中讲述，列昂诺夫如何在5月18日陪同三名宇航员前往发射现场，并送给她一件有弹性的粉色雪纺连体衣，衣服有“漂亮的荷叶边前襟和鼓起的袖子”，她给它起了个外号叫“梦幻衣裳”。
He told her: "The first night you're on the space station, it's traditional for all the crew to eat a proper dinner together.
他告诉她：“你在空间站的第一个晚上，按照传统，全体机组人员会一起吃一顿像样的晚餐。”
I thought you might like to dress for dinner."
我想你也许会愿意穿得正式些来吃晚餐。”
When they made it to Mir, she donned it for their celebratory meal, with Sergei wearing a tie that floated horizontally for the evening.
当他们抵达“和平号”空间站后，她穿上这件衣服参加庆祝餐会，而谢尔盖则戴着一条整晚都水平漂浮着的领带。
She reflects today on Leonov, telling the BBC that he was "a bit of a joker" and "a great social architect, who brought people together at all of events.
如今她回忆起列昂诺夫时告诉BBC，他“有点爱开玩笑”，也是“一位出色的社交组织者，在各种活动中把人们聚到一起”。
He enjoyed his status as the 'international cosmonaut', having been part of the Soyuz-Apollo crew."
他很享受自己作为“国际宇航员”的身份，因为他曾是联盟号—阿波罗号联合机组的一员。
He would sometimes use a few words of English that he picked up during his training in the US.
他有时会用几个在美国训练期间学会的英语词。
"My enduring memory of his informal speeches when an American was present is Leonov describing the American guest as a 'Top Banana''.
“我对他那些非正式讲话最持久的记忆是，每当有美国人在场时，列昂诺夫都会把那位美国客人称作‘大人物’。”
It always got a laugh."
这话总能逗人发笑。”
Sharman's groundbreaking flight to the Mir space station in May 1991 came at the end of the Cold War, taking place months before the Soviet Union was dissolved.
沙曼于1991年5月飞往和平号空间站的开创性航行发生在冷战末期，比苏联解体早了几个月。
While Tolya returned to Earth after five months, Sergei was asked to stay on, finally landing after 310 days in space.
托利亚在五个月后返回地球，而谢尔盖被要求继续留下，最终在太空停留310天后才着陆。
He became known as "the last Soviet citizen", returning to a country that hadn’t existed when they had launched.
他后来被称为“最后一个苏联公民”，因为他返回的那个国家，在他们发射升空时还并不存在。
And the backdrop to Project Juno was one of perestroika (reform in the Soviet Union).
而朱诺计划的背景，正是苏联的改革时期，即“改革重组”。
Facing criticism over the high costs of the space programme, on the 30th anniversary of Gagarin's flight, Gorbachev said that Moscow needed foreign investment to maintain its leadership in space.
面对太空计划成本高昂的批评，在加加林飞行三十周年之际，戈尔巴乔夫表示，莫斯科需要外国投资来维持其在太空领域的领先地位。
The Juno mission was meant to be financed by private sponsorship, creating a new scientific partnership between Britain and the Soviet Union.
朱诺任务原本打算由私人赞助资助，从而在英国和苏联之间建立一种新的科学合作关系。
But despite all the publicity, the sponsorship fell flat, and the Soviet-owned Moscow-Narodny Bank had to underwrite the mission.
但尽管宣传声势很大，赞助却没有取得效果，最终不得不由苏联所有的莫斯科人民银行为这次任务提供资金担保。
• The 'divine visions' predicting the fall of the USSR
• 预言苏联解体的“神圣异象”
• The WW2 general who outwitted his arch-rival
• 那位智胜宿敌的二战将军
• Exploring the peculiar smells of outer space
• 探索外太空的奇特气味
As the BBC correspondent Carole Walker said in 1991, "The Soviet Union is desperate for foreign investment to continue its flagging space programme, and is keen to promote commercial flights as the way ahead.
正如 BBC 记者卡罗尔·沃克在1991年所说：“苏联迫切需要外国投资来延续其日渐衰弱的太空计划，并热衷于把商业飞行宣传为未来的出路。
It cannot risk damaging its reputation by pulling out of the highly publicised Juno mission."
它不能冒着损害自身声誉的风险，退出备受宣传的朱诺任务。”
In another 1991 report, BBC correspondent Martin Sixsmith argued that "The romanticism of the Gagarin era has now been overtaken by the lure of Western currency."
在另一篇1991年的报道中，BBC记者马丁·西克史密斯认为：“加加林时代的浪漫主义如今已被西方货币的诱惑所取代。”
Despite the issues with funding, Sharman's eight days in space represented a leap forward for Anglo-Soviet relations.
尽管资金方面存在问题，沙曼在太空中的八天仍代表着英苏关系向前迈出了一大步。
The UK government congratulated her with the message that "this mission symbolises peaceful scientific co-operation between nations".
英国政府向她表示祝贺，并称“这次任务象征着各国之间和平的科学合作”。
And her time at Star City offered Sharman a counternarrative to that of space travel as pioneered by Nasa.
而她在星城的经历，为沙曼提供了一种不同于美国国家航空航天局所开创的太空旅行叙事。
Recalling her visit to the space museum in Moscow, where the floor space had been converted into a second-hand car salesroom, she tells the BBC: "It was an education because there was so much that I had not known about from my UK schooling and Nasa's domination of UK space news.
回忆起她参观莫斯科太空博物馆的经历时，她告诉BBC，那里的展厅空间已被改造成二手车销售厅：“那是一次长见识的经历，因为有太多东西是我在英国学校教育中没有学到的，而美国国家航空航天局又主导着英国的太空新闻。
"It felt as though I was being included in something much bigger than my space mission alone.
“我感觉自己被纳入了一件远比我个人太空任务更宏大的事情之中。
And I could Feeling the pride in their space prowess of every Soviet citizen around me: the first animal in space, the first person, the first woman, the first spacewalk.
我能感受到身边每一位苏联公民对他们太空实力的自豪：第一个进入太空的动物、第一个人、第一个女性、第一次太空行走。
Nasa didn't talk much about those achievements."
美国国家航空航天局并没有太多谈及那些成就。”
The history of space exploration has often been framed in terms of a "race" – competition fuelling innovation.
太空探索的历史常常被描述为一场“竞赛”——由竞争推动创新。
Yet much of the time humans have spent in space has seen collaboration across borders.
然而，人类在太空中度过的许多时间，都见证了跨越国界的合作。
Looking back now on her prevailing memories of being in space, Sharman recalls: "Feeling weightless – which is the most natural, relaxing feeling imaginable; camaraderie with my crew – which came from openness and trust; and the views, which we often experienced together, grouped around a window."
如今回望自己在太空中最深刻的记忆，沙曼回忆道：“失重的感觉，那是能想象到的最自然、最放松的感觉；与同伴之间的情谊，它来自坦诚和信任；还有那些景色，我们常常一起围在舷窗旁观看。”
She believes the collaboration of space programmes can be "a great way to break down barriers when politics allows", saying that "trust is built on personal relationships – and that can be lifelong".
她认为，在政治条件允许的情况下，航天项目合作可以成为“打破隔阂的好方式”，并表示“信任建立在个人关系之上，而这种关系可以持续一生”。
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