After decades of development, wildlife surveillance has finally coming of age.
经过数十年的发展，野生动物监测终于成熟起来。
The newer Icarus satellite is tracking signals hidden in animal behaviour – which could saved the lives of cheetahs, rhinos and elephants.
新的“伊卡洛斯”卫星正在追踪隐藏在动物行为中的信号，这可能挽救猎豹、犀牛和大象的生命。
On a blustery morning at the start of Namibia's winter, a pickup truck idles to a halt on the edge of Okambara Elephant Lodge, a private wildlife reserve 100 miles (161 km) from the capital of Windhoek.
在纳米比亚冬季开始时一个大风的早晨，一辆皮卡车怠速驶停在奥坎巴拉大象旅舍的边缘；这里是一处私人野生动物保护区，距离首都温得和克100英里（161公里）。
Two women and two men – one armed with a rifle – step out onto the red soil.
两名女性和两名男性——其中一人持有步枪——踏上红色土地。
Throughout June, Okambara is a bone-dry expanse of thorny trees and shrubs.
整个六月，奥坎巴拉都是一片干透了的广阔地带，遍布带刺的树木和灌木。
Although the Sun is shining, cool winds keep the parks's animals vigilant, as the wildebeest, zebras and giraffes sniff out scents on the breeze, which could alert them to danger now moving through the bush.
尽管阳光明媚，凉风仍让园区里的动物保持警觉，因为角马、斑马和长颈鹿会嗅探微风中的气味，而这些气味可能提醒它们，有危险正穿过灌木丛逼近。
Yet the skilled intruders remain hidden downwind.
然而，这些熟练的闯入者仍隐藏在下风处。
As the hunters close in on the game, the rifle lefts out a boom.
当猎人逼近猎物时，步枪发出砰的一声。
Fear jolts through each species: springbok bounce, skittish zebra break into gallop, and the wildebeest turned and race, some not stopping for hundreds of metres, as they barrel away from danger into Okambara's wide-open salt plains.
恐惧震动着每一个物种：跳羚弹跳而起，受惊的斑马飞奔起来，角马转身狂奔，有些跑出数百米都不停，直冲进奥坎巴拉开阔的盐碱平原，逃离危险。
Scientists are now able to study these signals written in animal panic thanks to a new satellite system, named Icarus, which is tracking animal movement and behaviour on an unprecedented scale from space.
得益于一个名为“伊卡洛斯”的新卫星系统，科学家现在能够研究这些记录在动物惊恐反应中的信号；该系统正以前所未有的规模从太空追踪动物的移动和行为。
By monitoring how animals react to the presence of human intruders, conservationists hopes to pinpoint and crack down on poachers.
通过监测动物对人类入侵者出现的反应，保护工作者希望能够锁定偷猎者的位置并予以打击。
Over three days in mid-2024, the intruders in Okambara making around 30 of these salvoes – all captured through the lens of an unmanned drone that hovers overhead.
2024年年中，在三天时间里，奥坎巴拉的这些闯入者进行了大约30次这样的齐射，全部被一架盘旋在上空的无人机镜头拍了下来。
From this sky view, the rapid dispersal plays out, again and again, with animals tracing out signature patterns of panic and withdrawal.
从空中视角看，动物迅速四散的场景一次次上演，它们的移动轨迹勾勒出恐慌和退避的典型模式。
The team of hunters fires dozens of rounds and the game scatters, except for the giraffes, which usually remain impassive and calmly look on from their raised vantage point.
猎人团队开了几十枪，猎物四散奔逃，只有长颈鹿除外，它们通常不动声色，从较高的有利位置冷静旁观。
Yet by the weeks's end, not a single victim has fallen to the hunter's gun.
然而到了这一周结束时，没有一个受害者倒在猎人的枪下。
That's because, unlike the poachers who have killed hundreds of rhinos in southern Africa, this hunting party is not here for slaughter.
这是因为，与那些在非洲南部杀死数百头犀牛的偷猎者不同，这支狩猎队来这里并不是为了屠杀。
Instead, today's team are scientists doing their best to simulate the arrival of a deadly threat.
相反，今天这支队伍是科学家，他们正在尽力模拟致命威胁的到来。
The armed interlopers – an ornithologist, an expert game hunter, and two wildlife researchers – are part of an experiment to develop a real-time tracking system that could save the lives of Africa's most trafficked animals.
这些持枪闯入者包括一名鸟类学家、一名资深狩猎向导和两名野生动物研究人员，他们参与的是一项实验，目的是开发一种实时追踪系统，以挽救非洲最常遭非法交易动物的生命。
By recording the distinctive patterns traced by different species as they react to a hunter, the team ultimately aims to train an algorithm that can send out a warning alarm to rangers.
通过记录不同物种在对猎人作出反应时留下的独特轨迹模式，团队最终希望训练出一种能向护林员发出警报的算法。
These warning systems are still in development at nature reserves – but the recent launch of a wildlife tracking satellite, dubbed the "Internet of Animals", aims to link up a truly global system of real-time alerts.
这些预警系统仍在自然保护区中开发测试，但最近发射的一颗被称为“动物互联网”的野生动物追踪卫星，旨在连接起一个真正覆盖全球的实时警报系统。
Okambara, a flat 169 sq km (66 sq miles) reserve, has become the "perfect site to testing the system," says Sierra Jane Mattingly, an ecologist at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior in Germany.
德国马克斯·普朗克动物行为研究所的生态学家Sierra Jane Mattingly说，Okambara是一片地势平坦、面积169平方公里（66平方英里）的保护区，已经成为“测试该系统的理想地点”。
Here, 5% of all large animals have been fitted with GPS tags that continually monitor their location.
在这里，所有大型动物中有5%都被装上了GPS标签，持续监测它们的位置。
But the real goal is to helping wildlife in the most precarious places worldwide.
但真正的目标，是帮助全球最岌岌可危地区的野生动物。
The lessons learned here are helping in the battle with poachers in national parks in South Africa – home to the world's largest rhino population – and aims to safeguard the freed-roaming wildlife populations in currently unmonitored places like the Congo Basin.
这里获得的经验正帮助南非国家公园打击偷猎者，南非拥有世界上最大的犀牛种群；这些经验还旨在保护刚果盆地等目前未受监测地区中自由活动的野生动物种群。
The project is the realisation of a long-held dream of Martin Wikelski, the ornithologist on hand in Okambara.
这个项目实现了马丁·维克尔斯基长久以来的梦想，他是一名鸟类学家，当时就在奥坎巴拉现场。
Wikelski, a world-leading movement ecologist who heads the Max Planck Institute, hopes to tagged 100,000 animals across the planet by 2030, with the goal of understanding the signals hidden in animal behaviour.
维克尔斯基是世界领先的运动生态学家，领导着马克斯·普朗克研究所；他希望到2030年在全球范围内为10万只动物安装标签，目标是理解隐藏在动物行为中的信号。
As they beamed out their movements to receiver towers or satellites, animals can collectively act as "sentinels" to protect rare giants like rhinos, he explains.
他解释说，当它们把自己的活动信息传送到接收塔或卫星时，动物可以共同充当“哨兵”，保护犀牛这类珍稀大型动物。
"We have the other animals protecting the rhinos because they telling us when the butchers are coming," Wikelski says, standing behind a model of a satellite, named Icarus, during a Whitley Award conservation conference in London, shortly before the project launched in November.
维克尔斯基在伦敦举行的惠特利奖保护会议上，站在一个名为“伊卡洛斯”的卫星模型后面说：“我们让其他动物保护犀牛，因为当那些‘屠夫’来了，它们会告诉我们。”不久后，该项目于11月启动。
With the addition of small ear-mounted tags, rhinos' competitors and nearby carnivores are turned into their protectors, making allies of cheetahs, zebras and giraffes – arguably the perfect sentinels because rows of the long-necked animals will often remain still and observe threats from a safe distance, with their heads all pointing in the direction of poachers, he says.
他说，加装小型耳挂标签后，犀牛的竞争者和附近的食肉动物就会变成它们的保护者，让猎豹、斑马和长颈鹿成为盟友；长颈鹿可以说是完美的哨兵，因为成排的长颈动物常常会保持不动，在安全距离外观察威胁，头部全都指向偷猎者所在的方向。
"So we know where the butcher is."
“这样我们就知道屠杀者在哪里了。”
This grand vision of wildlife connected through network technology is all made possible by tiny pieces of electronics that thousands of animals now carry.
这一让野生动物通过网络技术连接起来的宏大愿景，之所以能够实现，是因为如今数千只动物都携带着微小的电子装置。
Wildlife tags are becoming miniature marvels, says Timm Wild, an electrical engineer at Max Planck.
马克斯·普朗克研究所的电气工程师蒂姆·维尔德说，野生动物标签正变成微型奇迹。
Some can track not only GPS position but their wearer's activity, heart rate and body heat, as well as operating a mobile sensor taking readings of surrounding temperature and atmospheric pressure.
有些标签不仅能追踪 GPS 位置，还能追踪佩戴者的活动、心率和体温，同时还能作为移动传感器，读取周围温度和气压数据。
Today's tags are tiny enough to being carried by birds or even butterflies, like the rice-grain-sized chip developed by New Jersey-based Cellular Tracking Technologies to track monarchs as they migrate thousands of miles across North America.
如今的标签已经小到可以由鸟类甚至蝴蝶携带，比如总部位于新泽西的 Cellular Tracking Technologies 开发的米粒大小芯片，就用于追踪黑脉金斑蝶横跨北美、迁徙数千英里的过程。
Wild explains that the cutting-edge sensors are powered by supercapacitors – long-lasting, easily rechargeable alternatives to batteries – meaning they could allow us to see where long-lived species spend each day of their lives.
怀尔德解释说，这些尖端传感器由超级电容器供电，这种装置寿命长、容易充电，可以替代电池，这意味着它们或许能让我们看到长寿物种一生中每天都在哪里度过。
"Lifetime tracking is a challenge that is partly solved now," Wild says excitedly.
“终身追踪是一个挑战，但现在已经部分解决了，”Wild兴奋地说。
Each of these innovations overcomes a major drawback of a technology that has been around for decades.
这些创新中的每一项，都克服了这项已存在数十年的技术的一大缺陷。
Animal tags were first used in 1970, when researchers in Wyoming fitted an elk named Monique with a 10kg (22lb) satellite collar, which broadcast an analogue VHF signal.
动物标签最早在1970年投入使用，当时怀俄明州的研究人员给一头名叫莫妮克的麋鹿戴上了一个10公斤（22磅）重的卫星项圈，该项圈会发射模拟甚高频信号。
In the decades that followed similar tags beamed new discoveries about ungulate migrations and whale journeys.
在随后的几十年里，类似的标签传回了关于有蹄类动物迁徙和鲸类旅程的新发现。
But these heavy, old tags remain restrictive and have low accuracy.
但这些笨重的旧式标签仍然限制很多，而且精度很低。
Nearly four decades later, they were still too heavy for 75% of birds and mammals.
将近四十年后，它们对75%的鸟类和哺乳动物来说仍然太重。
Wild, an electrical engineer for carmakers like Daimler and Mitsubishi, began working with wildlife in 2019, and was surprised to see how primitive the tech being used in scientific research was.
怀尔德曾是戴姆勒、三菱等汽车制造商的电气工程师，他于2019年开始从事野生动物相关工作，并惊讶地发现科学研究中使用的技术竟然如此原始。
Digital "Internet of Things" sensors had taken off in the previous decade, fuelled by the rising of consumer technologies.
前十年，数字化“物联网”传感器在消费技术兴起的推动下迅速普及。
Tracking devices could be precision-measured to centimetre scale and intelligent tracking systems could work out where they were located even when satellite connection was not possible, such as when a car following GPS turns into a tunnel or a blind spot between skyscrapers.
追踪设备可以精确测量到厘米级，智能追踪系统还可以推算出它们所在的位置，即使在无法连接卫星时也能做到，比如一辆依靠GPS导航的汽车驶入隧道，或进入摩天大楼之间的信号盲区时。
"If you putting that technology on a bird or a monkey, you suddenly can see where in the tree they sit and what they actually eat," Wild says.
怀尔德说：“如果你把这种技术装到一只鸟或一只猴子身上，你突然就能看到它们坐在树上的什么位置，以及它们实际吃什么。”
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Wild's team of about a dozen at Max Planck aimed to close the "huge gaps" between the tech available in consumer electronics and in the field.
维尔德在马克斯·普朗克研究所约十几人的团队，目标是缩小消费电子产品中可用技术与野外实际技术之间的“巨大差距”。
Okambara is a better example of the limitations of today's tech.
奥坎巴拉很好地说明了当今技术的局限性。
The current system can transmit 12-byte packages of data about every 10 minutes to a transmitter in the middle of the park.
目前的系统大约每10分钟可以向公园中央的一台发射器传输一个12字节的数据包。
During the poaching simulations, researchers saw isolated GPS points and needed the drone to fill in the resting of the story.
在偷猎模拟演练期间，研究人员看到的是一些孤立的 GPS 点，还需要无人机来补全其余情况。
Transmitting data back from the far corners of the Earth is a major challenge, Wild says, and heavier tags and bigger batteries are needed to incorporate more memory.
怀尔德说，从地球偏远角落把数据传回来是一项重大挑战，而要加入更多存储功能，就需要更重的标签和更大的电池。
His team are working on each of these challenges: "We develop our own prototypes: our own hardware, own software, own 3D printable housings," he says.
他说，他的团队正在逐一攻克这些挑战：“我们开发自己的原型：自己的硬件、自己的软件、自己的3D可打印外壳。”
But, for now, newer tags are finding work-arounds that condense raw data into useable insights before transmitting.
但眼下，较新的标签正在采用变通办法，在传输之前把原始数据压缩成可用的信息。
While some have called this "artificial intelligence on tag", Wild says that's a stretch: "It's like a very, very basic algorithm" that can tell us if a bird has hit a rainstorm or emerged into the sun.
虽然有人把这称为“标签上的人工智能”，但Wild说这种说法有些夸大：“它就像一种非常非常基础的算法”，能告诉我们一只鸟是否遇上了暴雨，或是否飞出了雨区、进入阳光下。
These kinds of real-time notices are especially valuable in conservation, says Mattingly, for example telling us if a particular animal is hunting or resting.
马廷利说，这类实时通知在保护工作中尤其有价值，例如能告诉我们某只特定动物是在捕猎还是在休息。
"That is great because we can very clearly see if an animal is dead or not," she says.
她说：“这很好，因为我们可以非常清楚地看出一只动物是否已经死亡。”
Projects like Okambara tag both ears to avoid false alarms, as wild animals are continually finding new ways to knock off a tag or crush a tag.
像奥坎巴拉这样的项目会给动物两只耳朵都装上标签，以避免误报，因为野生动物总会不断找到新办法把标签弄掉或压坏。
But if both ear tags are not moving, they send out a "mortality notice" that alerts a ranger to check on them.
但如果两个耳标都不再移动，它们就会发出一条“死亡通知”，提醒护林员前去查看。
This kind of processing means that tags are now equipped with a level of "situational awareness" about what's normal and not normal for that animal, says Wild.
怀尔德说，这种处理方式意味着，如今标签已经具备了一定程度的“情境感知”能力，能够判断对那只动物来说什么是正常的、什么是不正常的。
"For example, we have a lot of data collected about how a zebra normally behaves.
“例如，我们收集了大量关于斑马通常如何行动的数据。
Now suddenly it behaves outside of this usual movement pattern – we can very quickly detect if it's, for example, sick or if it's injured – and then hopefully help the animal."
现在它突然表现出偏离这种通常移动模式的行为，我们就能非常迅速地判断它是否比如生病了或受伤了，然后有望帮助这只动物。"
This approach has been trialled at Kruger National Park in South Africa, where it has helped rangers to pinpoint wild dogs caught in snares.
这种方法已在南非克鲁格国家公园试用，并在那里帮助护林员准确找到被套索困住的野犬。
Out of the 400 wild dogs in the park, some 80 have been freed from snares, showing a major impact on the population, says Louis van Schalkwyk, a wildlife veterinarian based at Kruger, who leads the tricky work of putting tags on wild animals there.
驻克鲁格的野生动物兽医路易斯·范·斯卡尔克维克说，园区内400只野犬中，大约80只已经从套索中被解救出来，这显示出对这一种群的重大影响；他负责在那里给野生动物安装标签这项棘手工作。
The biggest goal is safeguarding Kruger's 3,000 rhinos.
最大的目标是保护克鲁格的 3,000 头犀牛。
More than 10,000 rhinos have been poached in South Africa over the last 15 years, according to the International Rhino Foundation.
据国际犀牛基金会称，在过去15年里，南非已有1万多头犀牛遭到偷猎。
Kruger has long been the species biggest single stronghold but 175 rhinos were killed by poachers in 2025.
克鲁格长期以来一直是该物种最大的单一栖息堡垒，但2025年有175头犀牛被偷猎者杀害。
"In Kruger, I think the challenge is that it's a huge place," says van Schalkwyk.
范·斯哈尔克韦克说：“在克鲁格，我认为挑战在于这里面积太大了。”
Spanning 19,485 sq km (7,523 sq miles), about the size of Israel, it requires more than 30 of the receiver towers in Okambara, and orders of magnitude more tagged animals to get the same sentinel effect.
它占地19,485平方公里（7,523平方英里），面积约相当于以色列；要获得同样的哨兵效果，需要30多座奥坎巴拉那样的接收塔，以及数量高出几个数量级的带标签动物。
Kruger has deployed about 3,000 ear tags on 1,500 rhinos, antelopes, zebras, kudu, oryx and elephants.
克鲁格国家公园已经在1500头犀牛、羚羊、斑马、捻角羚、剑羚和大象身上部署了约3000个耳标。
Van Schalkwyk hopes to build a better "conservation dashboard" by integrating alerts with Earth Ranger, a mapping system that already shows tagged animals and rangers on foot, truck and helicopter.
范·斯哈尔克维克希望通过把警报与 Earth Ranger 整合起来，建立一个更好的“保护仪表盘”；Earth Ranger 是一个地图系统，已经能显示被标记动物以及步行、乘卡车和乘直升机巡逻的护林员。
Currently, tags remain better at providing retrospective data than living updates, he explains.
他解释说，目前这些标签仍然更擅长提供回溯性数据，而不是实时更新。
When rhinos have been poached, it can give an indication of the moments leading up to the attack, such as where the attackers had arrived from.
当犀牛遭到盗猎后，它可以提供袭击发生前那段时间的线索，比如袭击者是从哪里来的。
"When it works, it's incredible," he says.
他说：“当它奏效时，效果令人难以置信。”
He's confident the poacher system will get there but in Kruger it's not yet a tool that rangers can use every day.
他相信这套偷猎者识别系统最终会成熟起来，但在克鲁格，它还不是护林员每天都能使用的工具。
"We don't have an alarm going off here saying there's 10 zebras telling us there's someone walking in the bush," he says.
“我们这里并不会有警报响起，提示说有10只斑马在告诉我们灌木丛里有人在走动，”他说。
A lot of things have to work perfectly together for this to happen: "You have to have perfect coverage.
要实现这一点，很多环节都必须完美配合：“你必须有完善的覆盖范围。
You have to have a really good antenna on a very tiny device, which is really tricky".
你必须在一个非常小的设备上安装一个非常好的天线，这真的很棘手。”
Then you have to attach it all safely to the ear of "an animal that loves mud and dirt".
然后你还得把整套装置安全地固定在“一种喜欢泥巴和尘土的动物”的耳朵上。
In late November, Wikelski was nervously preparing for the launch of a satellite that could change the scope of wildlife tracking once again – extending it from a handful of parks to a truly global project.
11月下旬，维克尔斯基正紧张地为一颗卫星的发射做准备；这颗卫星可能再次改变野生动物追踪的范围，把它从少数几个公园扩展为一个真正的全球项目。
While analogue sensors have communicated basic information with satellites for decades, precise digital tags are usually limited to ground connections.
虽然模拟传感器几十年来一直能与卫星通信并传递基本信息，但精密的数字标签通常受限于地面连接。
By mid 2027, Max Planck's Icarus project aims to have six receivers in orbit, making it possible to receive real-time data on animal movements across the planet.
马克斯·普朗克的伊卡洛斯项目计划到2027年年中在轨道上部署六个接收器，从而能够接收全球动物活动的实时数据。
Wikelski dubbed the system the "Internet of Animals".
维克尔斯基将这个系统称为“动物互联网”。
The first is launching as part of a €70m ($83m) EU-backed fleet of small scientific satellites, serving as a "laboratory in orbit".
第一颗卫星正作为一个由欧盟支持、耗资7000万欧元（8300万美元）的小型科学卫星群的一部分发射，充当一座“轨道实验室”。
Wikelski was stuck waiting all November for the green light from SpaceX to launch the initial Icarus probe into orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base in Santa Barbara, California.
整个11月，维克尔斯基都只能等待 SpaceX 放行，从加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉的范登堡空军基地把首个 Icarus 探测器发射入轨。
By the end of the month, he'd endured weeks of false-starts, with four last-minute reschedules, as the US government shutdown resulted in shortages of flight controllers.
到月底时，他已经忍受了数周的反复无果启动，其中有四次在最后一刻改期，因为美国政府停摆导致飞行控制人员短缺。
It felt like being a kid on Christmas Eve, he says, rushing around willing the time to come, "and maybe by 14:00 or 15:00, you're done," he laughs.
他说，那感觉就像圣诞夜前的孩子一样，急得团团转，盼着时间快点到来；他笑着说：“也许到14:00或15:00，你就忙完了。”
"It's stupid."
“这很蠢。”
At 10:44, the condensation-covered pencil-like Falcon 9 rocket erupted from the launch pad, rising on a column of fire and carrying the satellite into orbit.
10点44分，覆盖着冷凝水、形似铅笔的猎鹰9号火箭从发射台腾空而起，沿着一道火柱升空，将卫星送入轨道。
After the years of waiting the whole thing was over in a flash, he says.
他说，等了这么多年后，整件事却转瞬之间就结束了。
"Maybe two or three hours afterwards, we already had the confirmation that the satellite is on the right orbit, is communicating, which is really the only thing a satellite has to do."
“大概两三个小时后，我们就已经确认卫星进入了正确轨道，并且正在通信，而这其实就是一颗卫星唯一必须做到的事。”
In May, Icarus launched a second system into orbit – the microsatellite "Raven".
5月，Icarus 将第二套系统送入轨道，那就是微型卫星“Raven”。
Following a few months of testing, the system will begin receiving data from animals' tags this summer.
经过几个月的测试后，这套系统将于今年夏天开始接收来自动物标签的数据。
For animal tracking, the shift from land-based receivers to satellite systems will be like the shift from landlines to mobile phones, Wikelski says.
维克尔斯基说，对动物追踪而言，从地面接收器转向卫星系统，就像从固定电话转向移动电话一样。
It's unlikely to solve Okambara's data bottleneck any time soon.
它不太可能在短期内解决奥坎巴拉的数据瓶颈。
"I think the biggest impact will be outside of those areas," Wikelski estimates, in places like the Congo Basin and the Amazon, where animals with large ranges have to navigate wildlife reserves, roads, farms and human settlements.
维克尔斯基估计：“我认为最大的影响会出现在那些区域之外，”比如刚果盆地和亚马孙地区，在那里活动范围很大的动物必须穿行于野生动物保护区、道路、农场和人类聚居地之间。
We now have a way to answer questions about the fate of migratory birds and elusive creatures like jaguars, tigers and snow leopards, he says.
他说，我们现在有办法回答有关候鸟以及美洲虎、老虎和雪豹等难以寻觅的生物命运的问题。
"What do they need?
“它们需要什么？
What else do they need during climate change?
面对气候变化，它们还需要什么？
Are they going back to certain refugia?"
它们会回到某些避难地吗？”
The core, "absolute key" questions like "where are wild animals living and dying?"
那些核心的、“绝对关键”的问题，比如“野生动物在哪里生存，又在哪里死亡？”
have always appeared unanswerable, he says.
他说，这些问题一直看起来无从回答。
"People have somehow accepted 'Oh, we will never know that,'" Wikelski says.
“人们不知怎么就接受了‘哦，我们永远不会知道那个答案’这种想法，”维克尔斯基说。
"We can finally do it."
“我们终于能做到这一点了。”
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